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Magyar Nyelvőr140. évfolyam 3 szám (2016. július-szeptember)

Tartalom

  • Bańczerowski Janusz :
    Néhány reflexió a hallgatás szemantikájáról261-266 [262.97 kB - PDF]EPA-00188-00084-0010

    Despite the fact that we intuitively think of silence as being closely related to human speech – providing for an important prerequisite of the existence of homo loquens –, the relevant literature says precious little about this issue. The problem has not been seriously raised in linguistic pragmatics, either, even though in our view it is an integral and indispensable part of language use. The Hungarian verb beszél ‘speak’ is closely related to speech, both to its sound and its content. It means that (i) one has linguistic competence and is able to use it, (ii) one realises one’s linguistic knowledge in uttering speech sounds, and (iii) one communicates, that is, one transmits content, via using language. In all probability, two types of beszél ‘speak’ and accordingly two types of hallgat ‘not speak’ are to be distinguished. Beszél1 = ‘use language in speech sounds’ and hallgat1 = ‘keep silent, not use language’ can be opposed to beszél2 = ‘participate in communication’ and hallgat 2 = ‘not participate in transmission of content’. Although the Hungarian words hallgatás ‘lack of speaking’ and csend ‘silence’ can be interchanged in certain contexts, these two conceptualisations are distinct. Silence (in the strict sense) is not part of the communicative act, and does not convey any message, whereas “failing to speak” is a communicative act. There are phenomena of which we never say a word, although they do belong to the world surrounding us. “Transcendent silence”, in a semantic sense, is related to some change in the “order of the world”. New information is gained from transcendent silence, or general silence in the sense of “nothing that can be heard”; upon processing and linguistic encoding, such pieces of information become part of man’s view of the world, or “world order”.

    Keywords: speech and silence, natural silence vs. informative silence, silence vs. lack of speaking, transcendent silence

Nép és nyelv

  • Bauko János :

    Minority name planning is one of the fields of applied onomastics, the tasks of which include propagation of mother tongue name usage. Minority name planning deals primarily with the official use of personal, geographical and institution names. Publishing a Hungarian–Slovak forename dictionary (under preparation by the present author) may be one of the methods for minority (mother tongue) name planning in Slovakia, which could serve as a set of guidelines for mother tongue name planning, and for registering the personal names of Hungarians living in Slovakia in their mother tongue. The study deals with the laws of the Slovak Republic concerning personal names, the name registers and name catalogues used in Slovakia and in Hungary, the importance of name planning, as well as the features of the prospective forename dictionary and the structure of its entries.

    Keywords: applied onomastics, mother tongue name planning, personal name, forename, Hungarian–Slovak forename dictionary

A nyelvtudomány műhelyéből

  • É. Kiss Katalin :
    Isa303-305 [313.41 kB - PDF]EPA-00188-00084-0040

    This paper proposes a new etymology for the word isa ‘indeed’, occurring four times in the first surviving Hungarian text (Funeral Sermon and Prayer from 1195), but not attested afterwards. First it surveys the former explanations of the word, which relate it to the Estonian and Finnish vissist/ vissi, or to the Old Bulgarian ješa, eša, or derive it from the Hungarian demonstrative i- followed by the particle -sza, or from the demonstrative -a preceded by the particle is, and shows them to be untenable. It claims that the Old Hungarian isa has a Khanty cognate, isa, meaning ‘completely, all, all kinds, always’). It argues that the derivation of the Hungarian isa (pronounced as iša) and its Khanty cognate from a Proto-Ugric isa is both phonologically and semantically plausible. DEWOS, the etymological dictionary of Khanty, traces isa back to the numeral ig ‘one’ supplied with a postposition, meaning something like ‘all together, unanimously’.

    Keywords: etymology, Old Hungarian, Khanty, Proto-Ugric, universal quantifier, isa

  • Keszler Borbála :

    Early sources containing Hungarian medical words and expressions were typically written for students or for common people; therefore, the authors did their best to make their work comprehensible for their intended readership. They tried to use non-professional terminology, sometimes even dialect words or onomatopes. If they were unable to give a simple rendering of the intended Latin expressions, they used circumscription. – The paper discusses, in addition to matters of word stock and usage, also some popular beliefs appearing in remedial books (even in “learned remedial books”).

    Keywords: Hungarian medical language in the 15th to 17th centuries, the role of readership in authors’ choice of words and expressions, social beliefs

  • Kuna Ágnes :

    The relationship between doctor and patient always evolves dynamically, in the given situational context, in accordance with the participants’ behaviour and language activity. In this process, the doctor’s self-representation plays a significant role. The paper presents one manifestation of such self-representation, the application and pattern of first-person deictic linguistic items in medical communication, in terms of authoritarian vs. partnership-based relationships. The theoretical background is provided by models of medical relationships and a functional cognitive approach to pragmatics. The material of the study is a total of sixty doctor/patient encounters of four general practitioners (family doctors). For the analysis of the 1182 utterances involved, the overall framework is the scenario of consultation sessions. The study shows that first-person deictic items have a number of patterns and roles in terms of interpersonal and professional relationships, empathy, and the course of consultation. First person singular verb forms typically set forth the doctor’s crucial role within the scenario of consultation sessions; first person plural forms, on the other hand, can be closely related to partnership-based medical activity in many cases.

    Keywords: doctor/patient communication, personal deixis, self-representation, partner model, authoritarian model

  • Palágyi László :

    Diverse linguistic approaches to verbal humour can be apprehended along certain theoretical ruptures of language and linguistics. In this paper, possibilities and limitations of a cognitive linguistic approach will be explored in terms of logical analysis, script-semantic considerations aiming at a description of competence in humorous communication, as well as a pragmalinguistically-based theory of sociolinguistics. The analyses given here can be categorised as ‘substantionalist’ in Attardo’s system, given that we would presumably commit a fallacy of inference if we assumed the existence of a causal relation between semantic reinterpretation and humorous effect. However, an analysis of humorous linguistic expressions in this framework is capable of describing certain cognitive background mechanisms on the one hand, while the semantic structure of word blending and defiguration as modelled here may definitely contribute to the humorous effect, on the other. Albeit a determination of the quantitative features of these two semantic schemes by statistical methods might be instructive, it can nevertheless be concluded that, within the confines of the small corpus studied in this paper, such cognitive background mechanisms definitely play a crucial role.

    Keywords: verbal humour, lexical blending, semantic reinterpretation, cognitive background mechanisms

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